پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 55 (تابستان 1389)

Traditional literatures of brain drain stress its negative impact on the welfare and growth of sending economies, while new literatures introduce the possibility of brain gain through several channels (human capital, foreign direct investment (FDI), trade linkages and remittances). Thus, in this research we investigated the Brain Drain effect on economic growth of Iran, through studying direct and indirect channels of Brain Drain on economic growth, by using the system of simultaneous equations and Brain Drain data to G7 countries during 1339-1386. The estimation results with 3SLS method, say that: The coefficient of Brain Drain rate in human capital, labor force remittances and trade equations is positive, and in foreign direct investment and economic growth equations is negative. Human capital, physical capital stock, openness, FDI, the cross section effect between remittances and dummy variable of Islamic Revolution and oil exports have positive and significant effect on economic growth of Iran. Totally, the total (net) Brain Drain effect on economic growth of Iran is negative. This result can arise from wrong economic policies, for example; determination of grammatical rate of exchange, wage and interest. This operative due to relativerefraction of factors price and push effect in Iran. Also, according to computations of this paper average of the net loss of per human capital migrant on Iran's GDP is about 4 million dollars.

Trade secrets, as confidential information and containing commercial importance, cause the privilege of a merchant to the other competitors. However, because of the special nature of trade secrets, this protection is not powerful and efficient. In addition, the development of internet environment has increased the challenges of this protection because it has provided the possibility of right infringement by millions of users in electronic environment; furthermore, there is not efficient legal control in this environment. The further challenge of this issue is that the trade secret owner do not sometimes know competent forum for taking an action against infringer. In spite of trademark and patent, there is no regional uniform provision for jurisdiction on trade secret disputes at regional or international levels. Therefore, this article constitutes the survey of these challenges and the analytic-comparative study on certain international conventions and some legal systems such as Iranian Law.

Privatization is excutive, financial and legal process that governments in many countries implement for reforming the economy and administrative system. According to privatization literature, purpose of privatization in three domains of financial, economics and socio-political contain increase institutions efficency, accurate income distribution, government downsizing, private sector empowerment, capital market development, increasing competition, ensuring consumer interests and etc by transterring ownership and government corporates management to nongovernment sector. The major goal of this research is investigating the effect of privatization on state-owned corporate performance(financial, economics and socio-political performance). In fact, this research tries to assess privatization effect on transferred corporate performance to private sector. In this research, total privatized corporations by Tehran Stock Exchang during 1375-1383 were selected as a statistical community and then 46 corporate among them investigated as a sample. For investigating privatization effect on corporate performance, in respect to considered measures, performance of three years before privatization and performance of three years after privatization by Couple T-Test are investigated. Result of hypothesises test indicate that there was not significant difference between corporate performance before and after privatization and in fact, privatization did not lead to corporate performance improvement and even in some cases lead to reducing corporate profatibility. The reason for this result is mistaken policies in privatization programs.

Nowadays, before deciding to expand their market to other countries, companies must understand international environment. In last two decades, the environment encountered a lot of changes that make problems and prepare opportunities for business. International trade and global investment is growing fast. Thus the companies interested to enter international markets, must have a real understanding of international trade system. It seems that the companies who want to penetrate global markets and pass boundaries, need updated exact information about the markets. There are “Marketing Services Incorporations” that fulfill these needs and help the companies extend their markets and activities. In order to create and expand the Marketing Services Incorporations, this paper made two distinct surveys, asking marketing services’ executive managers and customers to find the needs that must be supported by public sectors and activities that must be done by governmental trade organizations. Based on prior studies, investigations and experts’ opinion, this paper presents four subsystems to support marketing services agencies including law-making systems, support systems, informing systems and “Monitoring-Assessment” systems. Required support for these institutions were classified in six categories that Include: counseling, information, legal, research, educational and financial.

Data mining is a powerful new technique to help companies mining the patterns and trends in their customers’ data, then to drive improved customer relationships, and it is one of well-known tools given to customer relationship management (CRM). Segmentation is the method of knowing the customers and partitioning a population of customers into smaller groups. The goal of this paper is developing a novel country segmentation methodology based on Recency (R), Frequency (F) and Monetary value (M) variables of Edible Fruits export from Islamic Republic of Iran to other countries during 11 years (1995-2005). After the variables are calculated, clustering methods (K-means and fuzzy K-means) are used to segment countries and compare the results of these methods by three different criteria. By using customer pyramid and decision tree, clusters are classified into four tiers: Loyal customer, Active customer, New customer and Inactive customer. Consequently, the data are used to analyze the relative profitability of each customer cluster and the proper CRM strategy is determined for them.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the long-run relationship between industrial exports and environment quality index for Iran over the period of 1973-2006. In this study, the CO2 emission represents the environmental quality. The main model of this study has been estimated by using of ARDL co-integrating technique. The empirical results of model indicate that there is a long-run relationship between industrial exports and CO2 emission. Moreover, the variables of industrial exports, GDP and population density have positive and significant effects on the CO2 emission. The main results of this study show that the impact of industrial exports on the CO2 emission is less than that of the other variables.

Export of agricultural products has an important role in non-oil exports. Pistachio is an important production. In this study, Revaled Comparative Advantage (RCA) is used for surveying the place of exports of Iran. Results showed that Iran has comparative advantage in export of pistachio, but; growth of this index is being negative in these years. The next aim of this research is defining target markets and ranking of them until pistachio of Iran establishes its place in the world with showing the list of potential target markets and also with notice to purposeful export. Analysis of time series and model of Vector Autoregressive is used during 1961-2006 for survey of effective factors on comparative advantage of pistachio exports in Iran. Assessment of the model showed that exchange rate, amount of domestic product and world price has positive effect and amount of product of other producers, export price of Iran and product vacillation has negative effects on comparative advantage.

Success of an e-business rests on many factors. One of the important contributors is trust. Online trust is one of the key obstacles to vendors succeeding on the internet medium; a lack of trust is likely to discourage online consumers from participating in e-commerce. Thus, building trust among customers is one of the challenging issues for on-line service providers. On the other hand, trust, itself is influenced by many factors. This study elaborates on the importance of customer trust in ecommerce. Among the factors affecting e-trust, this study focuses on two factors: "internet shopping experience" and "level of customer knowledge of information usage and security mechanisms". An experimental study has been conduced in the Iranian e-market. Findings of the study confirm the impacts of both of the above factors on the level of Iranian e-customers trust.